The libvirt library exposes a guaranteed stable API & ABI which is decoupled from any particular virtualization technology. In addition many of the APIs have associated XML schemata which are considered part of the stable ABI guarantee. Internally, there are multiple of implementations of the public ABI, each targeting a different virtualization technology. Each implementation is referred to as a driver. When obtaining a instance of the virConnectPtr object, the application developer can provide a URI to determine which hypervisor driver is activated.
No two virtualization technologies have exactly the same functionality. The libvirt goal is not to restrict applications to a lowest common denominator, since this would result in an unacceptably limited API. Instead libvirt attempts to define a representation of concepts and configuration that is hypervisor agnostic, and adaptable to allow future extensions. Thus, if two hypervisors implement a comparable feature, libvirt provides a uniform control mechanism or configuration format for that feature.
If a libvirt driver does not implement a particular API, then it will return a VIR_ERR_NO_SUPPORT error code enabling this to be detected. There is also an API to allow applications to the query certain capabilities of a hypervisor, such as the type of guest ABIs that are supported.
Internally a libvirt driver will attempt to utilize whatever management channels are available for the virtualization technology in question. For some drivers this may require libvirt to run directly on the host being managed, talking to a local hypervisor, while others may be able to communicate remotely over an RPC service. For drivers which have no native remote communication capability, libvirt provides a generic secure RPC service. This is discussed in detail later in this chapter.
Hypervisor drivers
Xen: The open source Xen hypervisor providing paravirtualized and fully virtualized machines. A single system driver runs in the Dom0 host talking directly to a combination of the hypervisor, xenstored and xend. Example local URI scheme xen:///.
QEMU: Any open source QEMU based virtualization technology, including KVM. A single privileged system driver runs in the host managing QEMU processes. Each unprivileged user account also has a private instance of the driver. Example privileged URI scheme qemu:///system. Example unprivileged URI scheme qemu:///session
UML: The User Mode Linux kernel, a pure paravirtualization technology. A single privileged system driver runs in the host managing UML processes. Each unprivileged user account also has a private instance of the driver. Example privileged URI scheme uml:///system. Example unprivileged URI scheme uml:///session
OpenVZ: The OpenVZ container based virtualization technology, using a modified Linux host kernel. A single privileged system driver runs in the host talking to the OpenVZ tools. Example privileged URI scheme openvz:///system
LXC: The native Linux container based virtualization technology, available with Linux kernels since 2.6.25. A single privileged system driver runs in the host talking to the kernel. Example privileged URI scheme lxc:///
Remote: Generic secure RPC service talking to a libvirtd daemon. Encryption and authentication using a choice of TLS, x509 certificates, SASL (GSSAPI/Kerberos) and SSH tunneling. URIs follow the scheme of the desired driver, but with a hostname filled in, and a data transport name appended to the URI scheme. Example URI to talk to Xen over a TLS channel xen+tls://somehostname/. Example URI to talk to QEMU over a SASL channel qemu+tcp:///somehost/system
Test: A mock driver, providing a virtual in-memory hypervisor covering all the libvirt APIs. Facilities testing of applications using libvirt, by allowing automated tests to run which exercise libvirt APIs without needing to deal with a real hypervisor Example default URI scheme test:///default. Example customized URI scheme test:///path/to/driver/config.xml
